Fish Preferendum

PREFERENDUM

Practicum Reports

Prepared to fulfill duties of Ecology course

Lectured by Mr. Dr.Hadi Suwono, M.Sc. and

Mrs. Dr.Vivi Novianti, S.Si, M.Si.

By:

Group 4 / Offering A

1.   Aisyatur Robia               (150341600791)

2.   Lelly Luckitasari            (150341600339)

3.   M. Hisham Baidlowi      (150341600339)

4.   Najatul Ubadati             ( 150341603981)

5.    Nor Azizah                     (150341603981)

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MALANG

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

APRIL 2017

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background

The success of an organism to survive and reproduce reflect on overall tolerances of the whole set of environment variables facing the organism. This means that every organism must adapted to the environmental conditions. Adaptation responses in the form of morphological, physiological and behavior. In the marine environment, physical, chemical and biological role in the homeostasis necessary. The growth and reproduction of aquatic organism (Branch, 2005).

Temperature is an important factor in aquatic ecosystems (Ewusie, 1990). The increase in water temperature can be cause life of fish and other aquatic animals disturbed (Aprianto and Liviawati, 1992). According Soetjipta (1993), water has several unique thermal properties, so that changes in the temperature of the water runs more slowly than air. Furthermore Soetjipta added that although the temperature is less volatile in water rather than the air, but the temperature is a major limiting factor. Therefore, aquatic creatures often have narrow tolerances.

The fish is an animal ectothermic which means do not generate body heat, so their body temperature depends on the temperature of the surrounding environment or adjust (Hoole et al., In Tunas, 2005). For aquatic animals, fish have several physiological mechanisms that are not owned by land animals. Differences in habitat led to the development of the organs of fish adapted to environmental conditions (Yushinta, 2004). As a whole fish are more tolerant to changes in water temperature, some species capable of living on the water temperature reaches 29oC, while other species can live in water that temperature is very cold, but the range of individual tolerance to temperature generally limited (Sukiya, 2005). Fish that live in water that has a relatively high temperature will increase the respiration rate (Doubleday, 1992).

Hereditary determined tolerance range, however, can be changed by the process of acclimatization (in nature) or acclimation (in the laboratory). Acclimatization is a man committed to adapt animals on the condition of environmental factors in the new artificial habitat. Acclimation is human efforts to adjust the conditions of the animals against certain environmental factors in the laboratory.

To find one technique of determining the range of tolerance or limit the effects of environmental factors on survival of living beings and also at what temperature range is most preferred by these individuals, it is necessary to preferendum observation.

1.2  Problem Formulation

The formulation of the problem in the lab were:

1.      How does the limiting factor and temperature tolerance range against individuals based on the phase distribution of live fish (juvenile, gravid and non-gravid)?

2.       What is the condition of fish preferendum temperature?

3.      Is there any influence of acclimation to the effects of the restrictive and preferendum?

1.3  Purpose

The purpose of the practicum are:

1.      Knowing the limiting factor and temperature tolerance range against individuals based on the phase distribution of live fish (juvenile, gravid and non-gravid).

2.      Knowing the temperature conditions preferendum fish.

3.      To check whether there is influence acclimation to the effects of the restrictive and preferendum.

Benefits

1. To know the tolerance limit of the range of temperature and preferendum fish from the same stage with different acclimation treatment.
2. To know the tolerance limit of the range of temperature and preferendum fish from different stages of treatment with the same acclimation
3. To know the influence of temperature acclimation to limit the range of tolerance and preferendum fish to water temperature
4. To know the distribution and abundance of the fish in their natural environment

1.4  Operational Definition

1.      Acclimation. Physiological adjustment by an organism to environmental change.

2.      Tolerant. Ability of an organism to endure unfavourable environmental conditions.

3.      Limiting Factor. A factor present in an environment that controls a process, particularly the growth, abundance or distribution of a population of organisms in an ecosystem.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

We often come across one particular species at particular places are relatively similar, for example, we see penguins in a lot of places with cold temperatures, but we did not find him in the middle of a hot desert or in the middle savannah. This happens because each specific type of animal has a temperature range so that the animal could survive.

No living creature that can live in all places with a variety of conditions. Each type of animal has a specific tolerance range against of ecosystem conditions, particularly abiotic factors. Within the range of conditions of factors that can be tolerated by the animals, he showed a preference for a range of conditions best suited to him, this thing we know as preferendum.

The response of an individual is not necessarily ektoterm to temperature, the response was influenced by temperatures experienced in the past. An individual known high relative temperature for several days (or perhaps lack of it) can be shifted overall response to temperature upwards along the temperature scale, and some days are subject to lower relative temperatures can slide down the response. This process is commonly referred to as acclimation if the changes carried out in laboratory conditions and acclimatization if it occurs in the field. Acclimatization too quickly can a catastrophe. In addition, individuals differ in the acclimation usually in response to a temperature depending on the stage which one achieved (Soetjipta, 1993: 58).

In Pudyo, 2000 (24-25), aquatic animals usually have a narrow range of temperature tolerance. It is associated with a range of changes in water temperature is not too far away. Although some animals can survive in extreme temperatures up or down, but most animals only survive at a temperature that corresponds to its ability to adapt. Changes in temperature also affect the breeding and growth of animals.

The function of a being controlled or limited by environmental factors that are essential or by a combination of factors that is in the amount of at least decent little, as shown in Liebig's Law of the Minimum. These factors may not be continuously effective, but only at some critical time in the year or perhaps only for a few years are critical in a climate cycle. A limiting factor is not only something that the availability of too little, as proposed by Liebig, but too much else in terms of factors such as for example heat, light, and water can also be a limiting factor. For each species there is a range in an environmental factor (Soetjipta, 1993: 37-39).

Indeed, most species and most of the activity is confined in a narrow temperature range. Some creatures, especially those that are in the resting level, can there shines the very low temperature in a short time, while some microorganisms, especially bacteria and algae can live and reproduce in hot springs where the temperature approaching the boiling of water temperature. The creature is sensitive to temperature changes, and because the temperature is easily measured the temperature often exaggerated as a limiting factor. Should be taken not to assume that the temperature is a limiting factor, if other factors not measured it is probably more important (Soetjipta, 1993: 41-43).

2.1 Adaptation Organisms

Adaptation means an individual's ability to cope with the environment and use natural resources more to survive in niches occupied. It's that every organism has the nature of adaptation to life in a wide range of environmental conditions (Knopf, 1992; 58). Djamal added that that there is some kind of adaptation that is; morphological adaptation, adaptive physiological and behavioral adaptations.

2.2 Pisces (Fish)

Pisces (fish) is a superclass of the subphylum vertebrates have a very large diversity (Sukiya. 2005; 33). Fish are vertebrate member poikilothermic (cold-blooded) that live in water and breathe with gills. The fish is a vertebrate groups most diverse with the number of over 27,000 species worldwide (Fujaya, 1999 in Dhamadi. 2009).

Overall fish are more tolerant to changes in water temperature in water temperature, such as vertebrates other poikilothermic body temperature is ectothermic, meaning that the body temperature is dependent on the ambient temperature (Sukiya.2005; 9-10). Furthermore Sukiya added that some fish have special behavior such as Glodok fish that can walk on land and climb trees.

2.3 Effect of Water Temperature on Aquatic Ecosystems

One factor is the temperature of the waters of the physical environment. The water surface is sensitive to temperature changes, temperature changes influenced by geographical location, altitude, long exposure to the sun and the depth of the water body (Tunas, 2005; 16, 18). The increase in temperature of the water may cause some effects as follows (Doubleday, 2005; 22-23):

a.      The amount of oxygen dissolved in water decreases.

b.      Chemical reaction speed increases

c.      Life of fish and other aquatic animals disturbed.

d.     If the lethal temperature limits are exceeded, fish and other aquatic animals may be dead.

Furthermore, according to Munro (1978 in Tunas 2005: 18), Increased water temperatures can lead to reduced solubility of gases, but increases the solubility of toxic substances such as pollutants crude oil and pesticides, as well as increase the toxicity of heavy metals, for example, that the fresh water (salinity 0%) increase in temperature from 25 to 300C led to a decrease in oxygen solubility of 8.4 to 7.6 mg / liter.

2.4 Effect of Water Temperature on Physiological and Behavioral Responses Fish

The fish has a degree of tolerance to a specific temperature range that was instrument to the growth, incubation of eggs, feed conversion and resistance to disease (Tunas, 2005; 16). Furthermore, Tunas adding that the fish will experience stress when exposed to temperatures outside the range that can be tolerant. High temperatures do not always result in a deadly but can cause long-term health status. For instance stressed that characterized the body is weak, thin, and abnormal behavior, while lower temperatures result in the fish being susceptible to fungal infections and bacterial pathogens due to weakening of the immune system (the Branch. 2005; 16-17). Basically the low temperature allows the water contains more oxygen than high, but low temperatures cause respiratory stress on fish in the form of a decrease in respiration rate and heart rate so that it can continue to fish fainting due to lack of oxygen.

Researches by Kuz'mina et al. (1996 in Tunas, 2005) showed that water temperature affects the rate of metabolism and the biological processes of fish. Indicated that the activity of digestive enzymes carbohydrate is strongly influenced by temperature, the highest protease activity was found in the summer, while the highest amylase activity was found in the autumn (Hofer, 1979a; 1979b in Tunas. 2005; 18).

According to Canisius (1992; 23) the relatively high water temperatures can be characterized among other things by the emergence of fish and other aquatic animals to the surface to oxygen.

2.5 Hypothesis

1.      The limiting factor and temperature affect on the phase distribution of live fish (juvenile, gravid and non-gravid).

2.      Aclimation affect preferendum on fish

3.       

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS

3.1  Location

At the Laboratory of Ecology Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Malang.

3.2  Time

Practical Effects of the Environment on the fish this time held on Thursday, 2^nd March 2017 at 10:00 pm until completion.

3.3  Equipment and Materials

The equipment that needed on this experiments are aquarium, thermometer temperature (rod), compartment, beker glass, spiritus, small net, aerator, water pump, stone and hoses, water bath, chiller, napkin, mop, measuring cup, bucket, cable, plastic spoons.

The materials that needed on this experiment are 1 gatul fish (Poecilia reticulata) juvenile phase, non-gravid and gravid, ice cubes small pack, plastic bags, lighters

3.4  Methods

3.4.1 Acclimatization

Acclimatization is done two days before the lab. The aim is to adjust the fish with the desired temperature.Tools used are: 2 waterbath, 1 chiler, 2 aquarium, 3 aerator, 3 water pump, 1cable, 3 bucket

•         Prepared water bath, chiller and aquariums

•         Water is loaded into a water bath and use a bucket chiler

•         Cleared the table from spills of water using a lap desk

•         Cleaned the floor from water spills using floor cloth

•         Lit water bhat ensure that surge.

•         Setup temperature water bath at 30 ° c

•         Setup chiler temperature at 20oc

•         Aeration by using an aerator (caution when plugging stecker to a cable outlet for wet

•         Put the fish (one kind) thereto not more than 100 individuals

•         Incorporated other types of fish to another aquarium

•         Closed using wire netting

•         Controlled every morning and dispose of the fish lost nets and put in a plastic bag

3.4.2 Treatment

Prepared the following tools and materials, 1 set compartment, 10 pieces thermo meter stem, 1 piece spiritus, 1 piece bucket, 1 piece measuring cup, 1 mop, 1 napkin, 1 piece funnel glass, 5 pieces plastic bag, 10 pieces rubber bracelets, 1 piece matches, 200ml spiritus, fish filter.

•         The compartment is placed on the table as flat as possible

•         Drawn thermometer and tie the middle using a rubber band

•         The trial included water filled pool water that has been conditioned by precipitation overnight as high as 3-4 cm (or measured with a measuring cup)

•         The thermometer is inserted into the hole compartment set up the same height and do not touch the compartment

•         Spiritus lamp placed under compartment right

•         Ignited using a match to set fire to reach the height of the base compartment maintain the temperature not to exceed 35 ° C

•         Taken using a bucket of ice cubes frezer and place 2 pieces on the other (which is not affected by the fire) compartment

•         Dried using a wet table cloth table

•         Observed to occur gradation temperature thermometer and record the temperature of each thermometer

•         Taken grafid of aquarium fish using nets and then insert it into the middle compartment.

•         Wait 5-10 minutes try not move much so that the fish are not scared and move to and fro

•         Observed every 5 minutes to 15 minutes

•         Writed observations in the table has been provided

•         3 repeated no-no 12 by 3 replications using different fish grafid

•         3 repeated no-no 13 as much as 3 repetitions using non grafid and juvenile fish

CHAPTER IV

DATA AND DISCUSSION

4.1  Data

4.1.1        Acclimation 20ºC

In this preferendum lab using the fish gatul the different phases, namely the juvenile phase, the phase of the gravid and non-gravid phase. Then the fish in acclimation at 20^°C, a temperature of 25^°C and a temperature of 30^°C. Then the fish will be tested at different temperatures is 21⁰C, 22^°C, 23^°C, 24^°C, 25^°C, 26^°C, 27^°C, 28^°C, 29^oC and 30^oC. So we can observe the temperature to how much fish can live optimally. Based on observational data, the data were analyzed by applied to the chart. Data taken with three repetitions, where the captured data has been averaged. In acclimation temperature of 20^°C, do three times the time that is, at the 5 minute, 10 minute, and 15 minutes to their mean results as described in the table below.

Fish preference graph of temperature acclimation 20°C  in the 5th minute, the highest number of fish that is located in areas with a water temperature of 21°C is kind of gravid fish, while juveniles seen many types of fish inhabit the temperature of 27ºC and 28ºC. whereas non gravid many species of fish inhabit the water temperature of 26ºC and 27ºC.

            Fish preference graph of temperature acclimation 20°C  in the 10th minute, the highest number of fish that is located in areas with a water temperature of 21°C that is the type of gravid fish and at a temperature of 28region°Cwhich types of juvenile fish. While the non-gravid many species of fish inhabit the water temperature of 25oC and 26oC.

            Fish preference graph of temperature acclimation 20^°C  in the 15th minute, the highest number of fish that is located in areas with a water temperature of 21^°C is kind of gravid fish and juvenile fish types in the region of 28^oC and 29^oC. While non gravid many species of fish inhabit the water temperature of 25^°C and 26^oC.

4.1.2        Acclimation 25ºC

Acclimation 25ºC

v  5^th minute

v  10th minute

v  15th minute

Experiment that has been done, there are three kinds of treatment acclimation temperature of 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C. Once analyzed, the limiting factor of temperature are linked if there are any influence on the distribution of the fish contained in the compartment. In the second lab use traditional fish gatul with acclimation temperature 25 °C in the juvenile phase, minutes to 5, 10, 15. At the 5th minute showed that the fish gatul more juvenile phase occupies 23 °C. In the 10th minute showed that the phase gathul juvenile fish and non-gravid more occupy a temperature of 25 °C, 29 °C, 30 °C. In the 15th minute showed that the phase of non gravid fish gathul more occupy a temperature of 27 °C.

4.1.3        Acclimation 30ºC

In this experiment used Poecilia reticulata with three phase, such as Jouvenile, Gravid, and Non-Gravid in 30⁰C acliamtion temperature which different temperature treatment. The temperature treatment consists of  21⁰C, 22⁰C, 23⁰C, 24⁰C, 25⁰C, 26⁰C, 27⁰C, 28⁰C, 29⁰C, 30⁰C. Analysis done in graphic which shows the comparation between avarage of  the total of the fish that still exist in certain temperature with certain minutes to observ. Below are the graphics that shown the data.

Acclimation 30ºC

v  5 Minutes

From the graphic above, known that the avarage of Gatul Fish Jouvenile phase is 1 in 21⁰C and in 22⁰C, besides the avarage is 2 in 30⁰C. The avarage of Gravid Gatul Fish is 1 in 26⁰C, 28⁰C and 30⁰C. The avarage of Non-gravid Gatul Fish is 1 in 23⁰C, 4 in 24⁰C, and 3 in 25⁰C.

v  10 minutes

From the graphic above, known that the avarage of Gatul Fish Jouvenile phase is 3 in 21⁰C. The avarage of Gravid Gatul Fish is 1 in 28⁰C, 29⁰C and 30⁰C. The avarage of Non-gravid Gatul Fish is 2 in 24⁰C and 27⁰C, 3 in 25⁰C and 26⁰C, and 1 in 28⁰C.

v  15 minutes

From the graphic above, known that the avarage of Gatul Fish Jouvenile phase is 2 in 21⁰C and 1 in 22⁰C. The avarage of Gravid Gatul Fish is 1 in 28⁰C, 29⁰C and 2 in 30⁰C. The avarage of Non-gravid Gatul Fish is 4 in 25⁰C and 26⁰C, 1 in 27⁰C.

4.2  Discussion

4.2.1        Acclimation 20ºC

Temperature is an important factor in aquatic ecosystems. The increase in water temperature can be cause life of fish and other aquatic animals disturbed. Water has several unique thermal properties, so that changes in the temperature of the water runs more slowly than air. The temperature is less volatile in water daripadadi the air, but the temperature is a major limiting factor. Therefore, aquatic creatures often have narrow tolerances (Burnei, 2005).

Effect of temperature on fish is in the process of metabolism, such as growth and making food, body activities, such as swimming speed, as well as in nerve stimulation. The influence of water temperature on fish behavior is most evident during spawning. The temperature of sea water can speed up or slow down the onset of spawning in some species of fish. The water temperature and flow during and after spawning are the factors most important thing that determines the "strength descent" and the durability of the larvae in the fish species most important commercially. Extremes of temperature on spawning areas (spawning ground) during the spawning season can force the fish to spawn in areas other than in the area (Alabaster, et al., 1982)

Fish Gathul (Poecilia sp.) Is one example of Elasmobranchii are easily available and usually lots found in rivers. Gathul fish is quite different from other fish because fertilization internally. (Orphans, 1994). According Yonandre (2010), found gathul fish can live naturally in the environment of cold water with a temperature of 22.5 ° C and hot environment at 30 ° C. In general, gathul fish can live in water temperatures between 20 ° C -30 ° C.

At the lab that has been done, there are three kinds of treatment acclimation temperature of 20 ° C, 25 ° C and 30 ° C for 1 day. Once analyzed, the limiting factor of temperature are linked if there are any influence on the distribution of the fish contained in the compartment. In practical use traditional fish gatul with acclimation temperature 20 ° C in the juvenile phase, minutes to 5.10, and 15 showed that fish gatul more occupy a temperature of 28 ° C but it also contained at a temperature of 21 ° C, 25 ° C, 27 ° C and 29 ° C, 32.5 ° C. This is consistent with the theory that animals younger stadia have a narrower tolerance range for a number of environmental factors, so it does not occupy a low temperature, even if low may fish were swimming freely. For other fish that occupy other temperatures, perhaps the fish were swimming freely or play around with the new environment that is smaller medium (Dharmawan, 2005).

In guppies non gravid with acclimation temperature of 20 ° C over many fish occupy at a temperature of 26 ° C. This includes a reasonable and appropriate, because the fish acclimation at 25 ° C so that the fish are accustomed to living environment or water with a temperature between approximately 20 ° C. Because the purpose of acclimation is to familiarize people with the new environment (Dharmawan, 2005).

In practical use traditional fish gatul with a temperature acclimation 20 ° C in phase GRAVIT, minutes to 5, 10, nd 15 showed that fish gathul more occupy a temperature of 21 ° C, but it also contained at a temperature of 23 ° C, 24 ° C, 25 ° C, 26 ° C, 28 ° C, 29 ° C, 30 ° C. This is consistent with the theory that according Poster (2005) basically low temperature allows water containing higher oxygen. However, low temperatures cause respiratory stress on fish in the form of a decrease in respiration rate and heart rate so that it can continue to fish fainting due to lack of oxygen.

4.2.2        Acclimation 25ºC

Gatul Fish (Poecilia sp.) Is one example of Elasmobranchii are easily available and usually commonly found in rivers. Gatul fish is quite different from other fish because the fertilization internally. (Orphans, 1994). According Yonandre (2010), gatul fish can live naturally in the environment of cold water with a temperature of 22.5 °C and hot environment at 30 ° C. In general, gathul fish can live in water temperatures between 20 °C -30 °C.

Temperature is an important factor in aquatic ecosystems (Ewusie, 1990). The increase in water temperature can cause the life of fish and other aquatic animals disturbed (Aprianto and Liviawati, 1992). Water has several unique thermal properties, so that the temperature of the water runs more slowly than air. Furthermore Soetjipta added that although the temperature is less volatile in water than in air, but the temperature is a major limiting factor. Therefore, aquatic creatures often have narrow tolerances. Water animals usually have a narrow range of temperature tolerance. It is associated with a range of changes in water temperature is not too far away. Although some animals can survive in extreme temperatures up or down, but most animals survive only at the appropriate temperature with adaptability. Temperature changes also affect the reproduction and animal growth (Soetjipta, 1993).

In the next lab using fish gatul with acclimation temperature 25 °C in the juvenile phase, minutes to 5, 10, 15 showed that fish gatul more occupy a temperature of 23 °C. This is consistent with the theory because that according Darmawan (2005) fish will adapt to the environment adapt or earlier (acclimation), and young fish stadia low tolerance range.

In the next lab using fish gathul with acclimation temperature 25 °C in phase gravit, minutes to 5, 10, 15 showed that fish gathul more occupy a temperature of 25 °C, 29 °C, 30 °C. It was in accordance with the theory diakarenakan according Darmawan (2005) breeding animals that require environmental conditions are around prefrendumnya condition other than that the fish in phase gravit prefers relatively warm temperatures for the physiological processes in the body or to the maximum egg incubation GRAVIT. So most of the fish that are in the gravid warm temperatures or high because due to its physiological processes.

In the next lab using fish gathul with acclimation temperature 25 °C in a non gravit phase, showed that most of the fish are at a temperature of 27 °C. This is not consistent with the theory that by Darmawan (2005) fish should be menyesuaiakan or adapt to the previous environment (acclimation). It shows that the non-gravid gathul fish can adjust to a new environment with a temperature higher than the temperature acclimation.

4.2.3        Acclimation 30ºC

In the last observation which used 30°C aclimation temperature, in the first five minutes the most Jouvenill Gatul Fish stayed in 30°C and some in 21°C and 22°C. The jouvenille that stayed in 30°C is fit with the theory tht fish able to adapt from the last habitat to the new habitat, the other fish in 21°C and 22°C may are swimming or playing around the new habitat. The next observation is on Gravid Gatul Fish. The avarage of gravid fish is same in 26°C, 28°C, and 30°C. It matches with the theory that every gravit fish will stay beside environment that fit with their preferendum ar aclimation. Gravit fish has a minimum tolerant to their environment condition. Dharmawan (2005) menyatakan bahwa hewan yang berbiak membutuhkan kondisi lingkungan berada disekitar kondisi pereferendumnya atau aklimasi dimana aklimasi berfungsi untuk membiasakan lingkungan baru dengan lingkungan sebelumnya. The most Non-Gravit fish is in 24⁰C  then in 25⁰C and 23⁰C. It’s not match within the fish should be able to adapt with the new environment. It may the fish like to play around in the lower temperature. Dharmawan (2005) seharusnya ikan dapat menyesuaiakan atau beradaptasi dengan lingkungan sebelumnya (aklimsai) atau dikarenakan ikan sedang berenang bebas atau bermain-main dengan lingkungan baru yaitu medium yang lebih kecil, penyebab kematian ikan tersebut dikarenakan stress atau belum bisa beradaptasi dengan lingkungan atau medium baru.

In the next ten minutes, all Jouvenill Gatul Fish stayed in 21°C. The more time fish stay in the new environment so they will adapt and sometimes swimming in the lower temperature. The next observation is on Gravid Gatul Fish. The avarage of gravid fish is same in 28°C, 29°C, and 30°C. It matches with the theory that every gravit fish will stay beside environment that fit with their preferendum ar aclimation. Gravit fish has a minimum tolerant to their environment condition. The most Non-Gravit fish is 25⁰C and 26⁰C. It’s not match within the fish should be able to adapt with the new environment. It may the fish like to play around in the lower temperature.

In the last observation which used 30°C aclimation temperature, in the last fifteen minutes the most Jouvenill Gatul Fish stayed in 21°C and in  22°C. The jouvenille that stayed in 30°C is fit with the theory tht fish able to adapt from the last habitat to the new habitat, the other fish in 21°C and 22°C may are swimming or playing around the new habitat. The next observation is on Gravid Gatul Fish. The most gravit stayed in  30°C, the last is in 28°C and 29°C.. It matches with the theory that every gravit fish will stay beside environment that fit with their preferendum ar aclimation. Gravit fish has a minimum tolerant to their environment condition. The most Non-Gravit fish is 25⁰C and 26⁰C. The last is in 27°C. It’s not match within the fish should be able to adapt with the new environment. It may the fish like to play around in the lower temperature.

CHAPTER V

CLOSING

5.1  Conclusion

v  Acclimatization 25 °C

In fish gatul(Poecilia reticulata)acclimatization 20°C in the phase of juvenile showed the fish most are at a temperature of 28°C, while in phase GRAVIT fish at most be at a temperature of 21°C, as well as the phase of non GRAVIT showed most fish many are at a temperature of 26°C.

v  Aclimation 25 °C

In fish gathul acclimatization 25 °C in the phase of juvenile showed the fish most are at a temperature of 23 °C, while in phase gravit fish most are at a temperature of 25 °C, 29 °C , 30 °C as well as on non gravit phase showed most abundant fish at a temperature of 27 °C.

v  Acclimation 30 °C

In 30°C aclimation temperature, jouvenill fish mostly found in lower temperature than the aclimation temperature, gravit fish mostly found in 30°C or beside that temperature, and the non-gravit fish mostly found in the middle of the range of the temperature treatment.

5.2  Suggestion

When doing practical preferendum, the practitioner should not be too close to the fish tested and banned noisy so the fish do not stress. This will affect the results obtained when the lab preferendum.

Bibliography

Alabaster, JS and Lloyd, R. 1982. Water Quality FreshwaterCriteriafor
FishSecondEdition.Cambridge: Great Britain at tea University Press.

Aprianto, E., and Liviawati, E. 1992.  Control of Pests and Diseases Fish.First Edition. Yogyakarta: Kanisisus

Burnie, David. 2005. Ecology Science Workshop. Translated by Wulandari, Damaring Tyas. Jakarta: Erland.

Dharmawan, Agus, et al. 2005.  Animal Ecology. Malang: The Malang State University

Dharmawan, Agus, et al. 2005.  AnimalEcology.Malang: The Malang State University

Ewusie, JY 1990. Tropical Ecology. Bandung: ITB Publishers.

Slamet, Adeng; Mgs. M. Tibrani. 2006. Dictates Animal Physiology Study Guide. Inderalaya: FKIP Biology, University of Sriwijaya.

Soetjipta. 1993.  Fundamentals of Animal Ecology. Yogyakarta: Director General of Higher Education Department

Soetjipta. 1993.  Fundamentals of AnimalEcology.Yogyakarta. Director General of Higher Education Department

Susanto. Pudyo. 2000. Introduction to Animal Ecology. Jakarta: Secondary Teacher Development Project Nation Education

Trubus. 2005. Department. Cultivation of Artemia To Feed Shrimp & Fish. Jakarta: Poster

Trubus.2005. Cultivation of Artemia To Feed Shrimp &Fish.Jakarta: Trubus

Yatim, W. 1994. Reproduction and Embryology. Bandung: Tarsito.

Yatim, W. 1994. Reproduction and Embryology. Bandung: Tarsito.

Yonandre, Berna Vricca, 2010. Morphology guppy (Poecilia sp.) That live on Hot and Cold Water. Thesis, Department of Biology, State University of Malang

Yonandre, Berna Vricca, 2010. Morphology guppy (Poecilia sp.) That live in